Підручник Англійська мова 9 клас (9-й рік навчання) - О. C. Любченко - Основа 2017 рік

1. Actions that happened in the past for some time (giving a fact):

It happened when he was six. My parents met in college.

2. Actions happening one after another:

He came into the room, took a book, snuggled in the armchair and started reading.

3. Single actions in the past:

He visited her twice last month.

Note! ’Used to’ is also used to express repeated actions that regularly happened in the past and actions that lasted for a period of time in the past, but are not happening now.

We used to live near a large park five years ago. (We don't live there now.)

1. The action (past continuous) was going on in the past when another action (simple past) happened:

The telephone rang while she was taking a bath.

What were you doing when the fire started? - I was making breakfast in the kitchen.

2. The action was going on at a specific point of time in the past.

What were you doing at four o'clock? - I was walking my dog.

Then were traveling in Europe during the summer.

Note! Past Continuous is always about unfinished actions.

1. Actions (past perfect) before actions (past simple):

They had washed the dishes before they started doing their homework.

He thought that she had already left for London.

2. Actions happened in exact time in the past:

They had washed the dishes by 7 p.m.

When (by the time) I got there, the concert had already begun.

Note! Past Perfect is most often used in complex sentences with two actions in the past to compare.

Note! Past Perfect is used before «before» and after «after».

1. The gerund has some properties of the verb. Like verbs, gerunds have active, passive, and perfect forms; they can take a direct object

He likes watching films.

2. The gerund has some properties of the noun:

- gerunds often stand after prepositions:

Thank you for telling me about it. They left after signing the agreement.

- gerunds can stand after possessive forms of nouns and pronouns:

Mike's coming home so late worries us. I was surprised by his leaving her.

3. Unlike nouns, gerunds are not used in the plural or with the definite or indefinite article.

1. The gerund is used as a subject of the sentence.

Painting makes me happy.

2. The gerund may be the complement of the verb 'to be'.

The hardest thing about learning English understanding the gerund.

3. The gerund is used after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition. This is also true of certain expressions ending in a preposition, for example the expressions ’in spite of’ or ’there's no point in’.

She is good at painting.

We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.

4. The gerund must be used after phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + preposition or adverb.

When will you give up smoking?

There are some phrasal verbs with ’to’ as a preposition (e.g. to look forward to,

to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, to be used to). It is important to know ’to’ is a preposition in these cases and it must be followed by a gerund.

It is not part of the infinitive.

If you can put the pronoun "it" after the word "to" and form a meaningful

sentence, then the word "to" is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

I am used to it.

5. The gerund is used in compound nouns

In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb. For example, with the word ’swimming pool’ it is a pool for swimming in, it is not a pool that is swimming.

I am giving Sally a driving lesson. I bought some new running shoes.

6. The gerund is necessary after the expressions can't help, can't stand, to be worth, need and it's no use.

She couldn't help falling in love with him. I can' t stand waiting.

This book is worth reading.

It's no use truing to escape.

The house needs painting.

7. After ’excuse’, ’motive’, ’passion’, ’reason’, the gerund is preceded by ’for’.

Did she have any reason for doing that? A key is an instrument for opening a door. Excuse me for interrupting you.

Note! The word ’go’ + sports or recreational activities usually take a gerund.

Let's go shopping. They went skiing.

Note! Expressions with the words ’have’, ’spend’ and ’waste’ take a gerund too.

She had fun skiing.

He wasted all his time worrying.

Note the use of the gerund after nouns in the following set expressions. The infinitive is not used in these cases.

Mike is in charge of inviting guests.

There was no point in going there.

There is no sense in waiting for them here. There is no harm in being careful.

I had no difficulty in finding their house.

He had difficulty finding a place to live.

He had no difficulty / no trouble getting a credit card.

He had difficulty breathing.

She had trouble hearing what he said.

Admit

despise

keep

report

appreciate

discuss

mention

resent

avoid

dislike

mind

resist

can't help

don't mind

miss

resume

complete

enjoy

postpone

risk

consider

forgive

practise

suggest

delay

imagine

recall

tolerate

deny

involve

recommend

understand

Begin

hate

like

prefer

continue

intend

love

start

Forget

He forgot opening the window.

(Meaning: He opened the window, but he forgot doing so.)

He forgot to open the window

(Meaning: He was supposed to open the window, but he forgot.)

regret

She regrets losing her job.

(She lost her job, and now she regrets it.)

She regrets to lose her job.

(She is sorry to lose her job.)

stop

He stopped chatting.

(He was chatting, and then he stopped.)

He stopped to chat.

(He was doing something else, and then he stopped in order to chat.)

remember

I remember locking the door.

(I have a memory that I have locked the dooe.)

I remembered to lock the door.

(I did not forget to lock the door.)

try

They tried moving to Australia.

(They moved to Australia for some time to see if it works out for them.) They tried to move to Australia.

(They made an attempt to move to Australia, but it wasn't successful. They didn't move to Australia after all.)

DO

MAKE

1. 1. ’Do’ is used when talking about work, jobs or tasks. Note, they do not produce any physical object.

Have you done your homework? I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doing the housework now.

I wouldn't like to do that job.

1. ’Make’ is for producing, constructing, creating or building something new.

His wedding ring is made of gold. The house was made of adobe.

2. ’Do’ is used when we refer to activities in general without being specific. In these cases, we normally use words like thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc.

Hurry up! I've got things to do!

Don't just stand there - do something! Is there anything I can do to help you?

2. It is also used to indicate the origin of a product or the materials that are used to make something.

The watches were made in Switzerland.

Wine is made from grapes.

3. We sometimes use ’do’ to replace a verb when the meaning is clear or obvious. This is more common in informal spoken English:

Do I need to do my hair?

(do = brush or comb) Have you done the dishes yet?

(done = washed)

I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)

3. We also use Make for producing an action or reaction:

Onions make your eyes water.

You make me happy. It’s not my fault. My brother made me do it!

Note! «Do» may be often followed by a gerund.

We always do shopping on weekends.

4. After certain nouns about plans and decisions:

make the arrangements, make a choice

5. We use it with nouns about speaking and certain sounds:

make a noise, make a speech

We use ’make’ with food, drink and meals:

make a toast, make a cup of tea, make lunch

DO:

MAKE:

1. Work, Jobs and Tasks

1. Product material / origin

the housework

of gold

somebody’s homework

from grapes

a good job

in China

your chores

by me

2. Non-specific activities

2. Produce a reaction

something

your eyes water

nothing

you happy

anything

everything

3. Replace verb when obvious somebody’s hair the dishes the exam the laundry

3. Plans and decisions arrangements a decision

4. Speaking and sounds a noise a speech a suggestion

5. Food, drinks and meal a cake dinner

IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS WITH DO'

IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS WITH MAKE'

do badly

make a difference

do a favour

make an effort

do good

make a fool of yourself

do harm

make a journey

do well

make a mistake

do somebody’s best

make a phone call

do somebody’s nails

make a promise

do somebody’s worst

make a sound

Note! The verb ’will’ does not express planned actions. The present continuous is used instead of the simple future if it is necessary to show that future actions are planned. 'To be going to’ is widely used in speech and writing to show planned future actions.

I’m visiting Anna tomorrow. - I’m going to visit Anna tomorrow.

He's leaving on Tuesday. - He's going to leave on Tuesday.

We are not going to buy a new car this summer. Take your umbrella. It is going to rain.

Note! The simple present is used instead of the simple future for future actions according to schedule / timetable, usually about the work of public transportation, stores, cinema, etc.

The concert starts in two hours. She works next Saturday. When do we start?

Note! We often use verbs like ’would like’, ’plan’, ’want’, ’mean’, ’hope’, ’expect’ to talk about the future:

What are you going to do next near? - I’d like / want / plan to go to University.

Note! We use modals may. might, and could when we are not sure about the future:

I may / could / might stay at home tonight.

Note! We can use should if we think something is likely to happen:

We should be home in time for tea.

Note! In clauses with time words like when, after, and until, etc. we use a present tense form to talk about the future:

I’ll come home when / after I finish work. You must wait here until your father comes.

Note! In clauses with if we use a present tense form to talk about the future:

We won’t go out if it rains.

POSSIBILITY

1. We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible but not certain in the future

They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.) They may come by car. (= Perhaps /Maybe they will come by car.) If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late )

2. We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in the past

It’s ten o’clock. They might have arrived now. They could have arrived hours ago.

3. We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible

It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)

You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)

4. We use the modal could as the past tense of can

It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)

You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)

IMPOSSIBILITY

1. We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible

That can’t be true. You cannot be serious.

2. We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past

We knew it could not be true.

He was obviously joking. He could not be serious

PROBABILITY

1. We use the modal must to show we are sure something is true and we have reasons for our belief

It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.

You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.

2. We use must have for the past

They hadn’t eaten all day. They must have been hungry. You look happy. You must have heard the good news.

3. We use the modal should to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons for your suggestion

Ask Miranda. She should know.

It’s nearly six o’clock. They should arrive soon.

4. We use should have to talk about the past

It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.

ABILITY

1. We use can to talk about someone’s skill or general abilities

She can speak several languages. He can swim like a fish.

2. We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future

You can make a lot of money if you are lucky. Help. I can’t breathe.

3. We use could to talk about past time

She could speak several languages. They couldn’t dance very well.

4. We use could have to say that someone had the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do it

She could have learned Swahili, but she didn’t have time. I could have danced all night [but didn't].

PERMISSION

1. We use can to ask for permission to do something; ’could’ is more formal and polite than ’can’’, ’may’ is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission

Can I ask a question, please? Could I ask a question please? May I ask a question please?

2. We use can to give permission; ’may’ is a more formal and polite way of giving permission

You can borrow my pen if you like. You may go home now, if you like.

3. We use can to say that someone has permission to do something; ’may’ is a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission

Students can travel free. Students may travel free.

INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUESTS

1. We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something; ’can’ and ’will’ are less polite

Could you take a message please? Would you carry this for me please? Can you take a message please?

Will you carry this for me please?

SUGGESTIONS AND ADVICE

1. We use should to make suggestions and give advice

You should send an email.

2. We use could to make suggestions

We could meet at the weekend.

3. We use conditionals to give advice. Past tenses are more polite

Dan will help you if you ask him.

Dan would help you if you asked him.

OFFERS, INVITATIONS, PROMISES

1. We use can I… to make offers

Can I help you?

2. We can also use shall I…

Shall I help you with that?

3. We sometime say I can … or I could … or I’ll (I will) … to make an offer

I can give you a lift to the station. I’ll give you a lift to the station.

4. We use would you like (to) … for invitations

Would you like to come round tomorrow?

5. We use you must or we must for a very polite invitation

We must meet again soon.

6. We use I will or We will to make offers and promises

I’ll give you a lift home after the party. We will come and see you next week.

OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

1. We use must to say that it is necessary to do something

You must stop at a red light.

2. We use had to for this if we are talking about the past

Everyone had to bring something to eat.

BELIEFS

l. We use will to say what we believe will happen in the future

We’ll be late.

We will have to take the train.

2.We use would as the past tense of will to say what we believed would happen

I thought I would be late … so I would have to take the train.

WILLINGNESS

l. We use will to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do

We’ll see you tomorrow.

Perhaps dad will lend me the car.

2. We use would as the past tense of will to talk about what people wanted to do or were willing to do

We had a terrible night. The baby wouldn’t go to sleep. Dad wouldn’t lend me the car, so we had to take the train.